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A '''doppelgänger''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɒ|p|əl|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|əɹ|,_|-|g|æ|ŋ|əɹ}}; {{IPA-de|ˈdɔpl̩ˌɡɛŋɐ|lang|De-doppelgaenger.ogg}}, literally "double-goer") is a [[paranormal]] phenomena in which a living person is seen in more than one place at once, usually seen as a harbinger of bad [[luck]]. In modern times, the term '''twin stranger''' is occasionally used.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.today.com/news/friends-compete-find-their-twin-stranger-social-media-t15506|title=See what happened when 3 friends set out to find their ‘twin stranger’|last=Murray|first=Rheana|work=TODAY.com|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906134813/https://www.today.com/news/friends-compete-find-their-twin-stranger-social-media-t15506|archivedate=2017-09-06|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3994274/Identical-strangers-brought-Finding-Twin-Stranger.html|title=Identical strangers are brought together|work=Mail Online|access-date=2017-12-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20161202192206/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article%2D3994274/Identical%2Dstrangers%2Dbrought%2DFinding%2DTwin%2DStranger.html|archivedate=2016-12-02|df=}}</ref> This is distinct from a "[[w:dead ringer (idiom)|dead ringer]]", another person with physical characteristics of uncanny similarity. The word "doppelgänger" is often used in a more general and neutral sense to describe any person who physically or behaviorally resembles another person.

== Mythology ==
English-speakers have only recently applied this German word to a [[paranormal]] concept. They are also known as (false) arrival apparitions.<ref>{{cite|url=http://www.paranormality.com/false_arrival_apparition.shtml|title=False Arrival Apparition
|work=Paranormality}}</ref> Doppelgangers appear in many cultures.

=== Scandinavian folklore ===
In [[Scandinavian folklore]], a ''vardøger'' (vardyvle or vardyger) and is a ghostly double who is seen performing the person's actions in advance.<ref>[https://snl.no/vard%C3%B8ger ''vardøger'' (Store norske leksikon. fagkonsulent for denne artikkelen var Olav Bø)]</ref> In [[Finnish folklore]], it's called having an ''etiäinen'',<ref>Ganander, Christfrid. Mythologia fennica; eller, Förklaring öfver de nomina propria deastrorum, idolorum, locorum, virorum, & c .. Abo, Tryckt i Frenckellska boktryckeriet, 1789.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.auraijas.com/tonttutarina.html|title=Tontuista ja haltijoista|website=www.auraijas.com|access-date=2017-12-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507052231/http://auraijas.com/tonttutarina.html|archivedate=2016-05-07|df=}}</ref><ref>Webb, Stuart. Ghosts. New York, Rosen Pub., 2013.</ref> "a firstcomer",<ref>Bane, Theresa. Encyclopedia of spirits and ghosts in world mythology. Jefferson, NC, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2016; see also Christfrid Ganander's ''[[Mythologia Fennica]]''</ref> thought to be a kind of [[haltija]].

==== Etymology ====
Vardøgr  is a Norwegian word defined as "premonitory sound or sight of a person before he arrives". The word ''vardøger'' is probably from [[Old Norse]] ''varðhygi'', consisting of the elements ''vǫrð'', "guard, watchman" (akin to "warden") and ''hugr'', "mind" or "soul". Originally, vardøger was considered a [[fylgja]], a sort of guardian spirit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_16_4_leiter.pdf |title=''The Vardogr, Perhaps Another Indicator of the Non-Locality of Consciousness'' (L. David Leiter, Journal of Scienti c Exploration, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 621–634, 2002) |access-date=2010-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107170553/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_16_4_leiter.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-07 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>

=== Irish folklore ===
In [[Irish folklore]], it's called a ''fæcce'' (fetch) and is generally taken as an omen of the person's impending death, though John and Michael Banim report that if the double appears in the morning rather than the evening, it is instead a sign of a long life in store.<ref name=OEDfetch>{{cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=December 1989|title= Fetch, n.2|journal=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/69589|accessdate=15 January 2011|quote=| trans_title= }}</ref> 

=== Ancient Egyptian folklore ===
In [[Ancient Egyptian mythology]], a ''[[ka]]'' was a tangible "spirit double" having the same memories and feelings as the person to whom the counterpart belongs.

== Examples ==
[[Emilie Sagée]] was a 19th century teacher in Latvia who had a doppelganger appear numerous times to her students, but never to her. At first it would merely copy her movements, then later act out things she wished she were doing (such as teaching her sewing class instead of gardening). The doppelganger was always silent and didn't react to stimuli. Students who tried to approach the apparition found that the air around it felt like "thick fabric". She was eventually asked to leave because it frightened the students.

Abraham Lincoln is said to have seen his doppelganger shortly after being elected to his first term. He laid down on a couch to rest and glanced at a mirror, in which he saw two faces looking back at him. He was sure the second face was his, but it appeared pale. His wife interpreted this as an omen that he would be elected president twice, but die in his second term. Sure enough, he was assassinated soon after his second election.

Catherine the Great encountered her doppelganger in 1796 when she was awoken by servants who told her they'd seen her walking into her throne room. Upon investigating, she found her likeness sitting upon the throne. She immediately ordered her sentries to shoot at it, which had no effect. It eventually faded from sight, and she died shortly thereafter.

[[Izaak Walton]] claimed that English [[metaphysical poet]] [[John Donne]] saw his wife's doppelgänger in 1612 in Paris, on the same night as the stillbirth of their daughter.<ref>Walton, Izaak. ''Life of Dr. John Donne.'' Fourth edition, 1675. Cited by Crowe in ''The Night-Side of Nature'' (1848).</ref>

German playwright [[Goethe]] described an experience in his autobiography ''[[Dichtung und Wahrheit]]'' in which he and his double passed one another on horseback.<ref>''The Autobiography of Wolfgang von Goethe.'' Translated by John Oxenford. Horizon Press, 1969. This example cited by Crowe in ''The Night-Side of Nature'' (1848).</ref>

== Explanations ==
Explanations for the phenomena vary, from "[[reality glitch]]es" and [[alternate reality|alternate realities]] bleeding into ours, to parasitic [[demon]]s which can impersonate a host.

== See also ==
* [[Fylgja]]
* [[Fleshgait]]
* [[Goatman]]
* [[Mandela effect]]
* [[Reality glitch]]
* [[Alternate reality]]
* [[Déjà vu]]
* [[Bilocation]]
* [[Shadow person]]

== Further reading ==
* [[Peter Brugger|Brugger, P]]; Regard, M; Landis, T. (1996). ''Unilaterally Felt ‘‘Presences’’: The Neuropsychiatry of One’s Invisible Doppelgänger''. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 9: 114-122.
* Keppler, C. F. (1972). ''The Literature of the Second Self''. University of Arizona Press.
* Maack, L. H; Mullen, P. E. (1983). ''The Doppelgänger, Disintegration and Death: A Case Report''. ''Psychological Medicine'' 13: 651-654.
* Miller, K. (1985). ''Doubles: Studies in Literary History''. Oxford University Press.
* [[Otto Rank|Rank, O]]. (1971, originally published in German, Der Doppelgänger, 1914). ''The Double: A Psychoanalytic Study''. ''The University of North Carolina Press''.
* Prel, Carl du, ''Die monistische Seelenlehre, Beitrag zur Lösung des Menschenrätsels'', Leipzig, Günthers Verlag, 1888.
* [[Graham Reed (psychologist)|Reed, G. F]]. (1987). ''Doppelgänger''. In Gregory R. L. ''The Oxford Companion to the Mind''. Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;200–201.
* Todd, J; Dewhurst, K. (1962). ''The Significance of the Doppelgänger (Hallucinatory Double) in Folklore and Neuropsychiatry''. Practitioner 188: 377-382.
* Todd, J; Dewhurst, K. (1955). ''The Double: Its Psycho-Pathology and Psycho-Physiology''. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 122: 47-55.
* Hill, David A. ''How I Met Myself''. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|9780521750189}}
* ''Doubles: The Enigma of the Second Self'', Rodney Davies, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7090-6118-8}}
* ''Dogs That Know When Their Owners Are Coming Home: And Other Unexplained Powers of Animals'', Rupert Sheldrake, 2000, {{ISBN|0-609-80533-9}}
* ''Phone Calls From the Dead'' [chapter on "intention" phone calls], [[D. Scott Rogo]] and Raymond Bayless, 1980, {{ISBN|0-425-04559-5}}

==Other sources==
*[[Hilda Ellis Davidson| Davidson, H.R. Ellis]]  (1965) ''Gods and Myths of Northern Europe''  (Penguin Books) {{ISBN|978-0140136272}}
*Kvideland,  Reimund; Henning K. Sehmsdorf  (1989) ''Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend''  (University of Minnesota Press) {{ISBN|9780816615032}}
* McKinnell, John  (2005) ''Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend''  (D.S. Brewer, Cambridge) {{ISBN|978-1843840428}}
*Orchard, Andy (1997) ''Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend'' (Cassell & Co) {{ISBN|0-304-34520-2}}
*Pulsiano,  Phillip; Kirsten Wolf    (1993)  ''Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedi''a (Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages) {{ISBN|978-0824047870}}
*[[Rudolf Simek|Simek, Rudolf]]; translated by Angela Hall (2007) ''Dictionary of Northern Mythology''  (D.S. Brewer, Cambridge) {{ISBN|0-85991-513-1}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|doppelganger|Doppelgänger}}
* [http://www.fairytalechannel.com/2009_10_27_archive.html Grimm's Saga No. 260 in which a Doppelgaenger appears as Married Woman]
* [http://www.bartleby.com/139/shel116.html ''Prometheus Unbound:'' Text at Barbleby.com]
* [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3994274/Identical-strangers-brought-Finding-Twin-Stranger.html ''Finding My Twin Stranger'' documentary]
* [http://twinstrangers.net/ Twinstrangers.net] is a website where users can upload a photo of themselves and facial recognition software attempts to match them with another user of like appearance. The site reports that it has found numerous living doppelgängers{{Emdash}}including three living doppelgängers of its founder Niamh Geaney.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twinstrangers.net/twin-strangers-exist|title=Twin Strangers Exist|website=twinstrangers.net|language=en|access-date=2017-05-23|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521052839/https://twinstrangers.net/twin-strangers-exist|archivedate=2017-05-21|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4DJKpOju0s|title=Niamh meets her THIRD doppelgänger|date=20 November 2015|last=Geaney|first=Niamh|type=YouTube video|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508044814/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4DJKpOju0s|archivedate=8 May 2017|df=}}</ref>
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/saints-alive.html |title=Miracles examined from a Fortean perspective |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722012602/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/saints-alive.html |archivedate=2012-07-22}}
* [http://www.llewellynencyclopedia.com/article/206 Llewellyn ''Unconscious in the Astral'']

==References==
<references/>

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[[Category:Apparitions]]
[[Category:Folklore]]